Multiple myeloma – a deadly blood cancer – can be a devastating diagnosis. Learn what to expect in each stage of the disease...

Making a diagnosis of myeloma depends on finding abnormal plasma cells or their products somewhere in the body.

Plasma cells are cells of the immune system that make antibodies when they are functioning normally. In myeloma, these cells begin to grow and divide abnormally, and they make abnormal amounts of antibody-like proteins.

The growth of these plasma cells in the bone marrow can reduce the normal function of the bone marrow.

It can also result in thinned, weakened bones that are apt to break. Accumulation of the abnormal antibody-like protein in the blood can cause problems with blood flow to the kidney and other parts of the body.

Usually, symptoms related to these changes bring a patient to the doctor or raise the suspicion of myeloma.

Diagnosing Multiple Myeloma
The diagnosis and prognosis of multiple myeloma include the following:

Medical History
Diagnosis begins with a visit to the doctor. Sometimes, multiple myeloma is noted when blood tests are ordered for an unrelated reason. A biopsy will be necessary to confirm the presence of myeloma cells.

The doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. He or she will inquire about how your symptoms have progressed. The doctor may also ask about anything that may increase your risk of multiple myeloma, such as exposure to radiation or toxic chemicals.

Physical Exam
The doctor will perform a complete physical exam. This will focus on uncovering evidence of bone damage, anemia, or impaired circulation, each of which might be the result of myeloma.

Testing
To help with the diagnosis, your doctor may do any of the following:

X-rays – to check for any damage to bones

Urine tests – to check for high levels of antibody proteins